Power modules are high-power switching circuits that convert DC- in AC-currents in electric vehicles, renewable energy, and many more applications. New materials [14] and device technologies [14], ...

What are S-parameters? The multiple types of S-parameters beyond the small-signal variety. Using S-parameters, we can represent even the most complex RF device as a simple N-port network. Figure 1 ...

S-parameters are a popular means of characterizing interconnects. By feeding the interconnect with a precision reference signal and measuring how much of that signal propagates through the connector ...

Signals operating in the radio frequency (RF) realm between 3 kHz to 300 GHz are an inherent part of processing by circuit components within and outside an IC. Linear characteristics of RF circuits ...

As high-speed serial data rates advance beyond 50 Gb/s, conventional logic-emulating non-return-to-zero (NRZ) signaling is being replaced by PAM4, a four-level pulse amplitude-modulation scheme. PAM4 ...

Suppose you have an optical lens of some sort onto which you shine a light with a known photonic output. While most of the incident light passes through the lens, some fraction of the light is ...

Julia Kagan is a financial/consumer journalist and former senior editor, personal finance, of Investopedia. Doretha Clemons, Ph.D., MBA, PMP, has been a corporate IT executive and professor for 34 ...